All Types of communication/ Their defination

Communication

Types of Communication

Related Reaches - 

Concept of Communication

Type of Communication

       Communication works as the means by which the actions in the organization are synchronized to attain desired outcomes. It is also a process by which manner are modified, change is observed, and information is made productive. 

       The transfer of information from one individual to another us crucial in any organization. Depending upon the context, objective, style and target audience, communication is classified into following categories :

Types of Communication

1- Verbal

        - Oral communication

        - Written communication

2- Non- Verbal 

        - Body Language

        - Paralanguage

3- Formal 

        - Horizontal 

        - Diagonal

        - External

        - Vertical

                - Upward

                - Downward

4- Informal

        - Grapevine

1- Verbal Communication

           As the title indicates, verbal communication refers to the form of communication in which message is transmitted verbally. The message is conveyed either by words spoken or a piece of writing. Words are arranged in a structured and meaningful manner, adhering to the rules of grammer. Thus verbal communication can be classified as oral communication and written communication. 

     (i) Oral Communication

              Oral communication is one of the most common functions in communication. It allows frequent means to get a message across to others. Paralanguage features like tone, stress, intonation, appropriate pauses, pitch, clarity of voice and volume become very effective in such sort of communication. Effective listening skills are of equal importance to oral communication and it provides to be added advantage to oral communication. Oral communication cannot be effective unless the listeners are good at listening. Developing good listening skills too is vital for grasping the contents of an oral communication and preserving them. Face to Face interactions, oral presentation of reports, telephonic conservation, speech, radio, video conferencing, group discussion, interviews, voice over internet etc. Are the various mediums of oral communication. Oral communication supplies instant response and promotes understanding. 

   

  (ii) Written Communication

           Written communication is considered to be the core amongst communication skills as it serves as a documentary proof and can be saved for future study. Effective written communication is necessary for preparing materials for organisational development. Written documents are very formal in nature. It involves careful selection of words, their organization in right sequence and cohesive composition of sentences. Feedback is not immediate I'm written communication. Report, jod descriptions, proposal, fax, e-mail, advertisements, brochures, news articles, letters and projects are parts of written communication. 

2- Non- Verbal Communication

         Non- Verbal Communication includes apparent signals of body language and paralinguistic features like a series of gestures, facial expressions, signs, body movements, eye contact, time management, touching, and spatial distance between people. It is a process of communicating through wordless messages. Such may also contain no-verbal elements known as paralanguage. It emphasizes upon voice nuance as means of expressing particular manner of speaking to express thoughts and feelings. A variety of aspects of paralanguage include tone of voice, pitch, rhythm, intonation, stress and intonation. 

  The elements of Non- Verbal Communication are as follows:

   (i) Body Language: 

            Body language is the study of body positions, facial expressions, postures and gestures. In addition to the face and eyes, other body parts move and express sense. These movements are referred as Kinesics- the physical movements of arms, legs, hands, and head. 

 (ii) Paralanguage 

           Here follows some paralanguage features of non verbal communication. 

      (a) Haptics:- Haptics is the study of touching as non-verbal behavior which includes handshakes, pat on the shoulder and holding hands. Touch or tactile methods are very effective forms of communication. 

       (b) Proxemics - Proxemics observes measurable distance between people as they interact with each other. It lays emphasis on maintaining a comfortable distance with the person on the other side in the acr of communication. 

       (c) Paralinguistics - It is the study of variation in pitch, rhythm, intonation, speed, tone, volume, and pauses to transmit meaning. 

        (d) Chronemics - It is the study of use of time in non-verbal communication. 

         (e) Oculesics - Oculesics examines eye contact as non-verbal communication. By far, eyes express most of what goes on inside. Eyes tell us much more than other facial features. Thus,establishing eye-contact with audience determines much of the meaning behind body language and non-verbal communication. 

          (f) Silence - Silence communicates. It conveys a sense of anticipation by providing a space to the audience to reflect upon which what has just been said. This silence itself is an important tool in communication. 

          (g) Appearance - Appearance itself is non-verbal signals. Appearance involves clothing, hair, and adornments such as jewellery, cosmetic, and the like. Appearance relates to how the face, eyes, gestures, and postures are perceived. 

       Non-verbal Communication helps in restating the verbal communication. It is complementary to what is being said verbally and standardized the flow of the communications process. 

3- Formal Communication

         "Formal communication is the flow of information that is dictated by the organization's official structure" 

  -Bovee 

     

         Formal communication is the process of exchanging information by following the prescribed official procedures, systems, formalities and chain of command in the organizational constitution. It follows certain rules and protocols laid down in the structure and preserves constant relations among the superiors and the subordinates. Formal communication refers to communication which take place through a chain of instructions. It's runs in following recognized channels. 

      (i) Vertical Flow of Communication- 

             Downward and upward flows of communication are knowns as vertical communication. 

        (a) Downward Flow of Communication -

             Communication that runs from a higher level to a lower level in an organization is a downward communication. In other words, communication from superiors to subordinates is called downward communication. Downward communication consists of delivering plans, orders, rules, procedures and instructions. 

       (b) Upward flow of communication:

             This flow of communication is quite opposite to the downward flow of communication. The flow of information in this type of communication is from the lower level of the system to the higher rank of authority. It passes from subordinate to superior. This communication comprises asking opinions, and appeals, etc. 

     

   (ii) Horizontal Flow of Communication

             The transmission of I information between individuals on the similar level of establishment hierarchy is called horizontal communication. This sort of communication transfers message in a speedy manner and promote hared understanding. It facilitates harmonization of the task. The horizontal communication is usually of an Informal Nature. 

    (iii) Diagonal Communication

                 Diagonal communication refers to the kind of communication where people working at some rank in the organization communicate with those working at a superior or subordinates levels of organizational hierarchy across the limits of their reporting obligations. This kind of communication is also called 𝘾𝙧𝙤𝙨𝙨-𝘾𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙣𝙚𝙡 𝘾𝙤𝙢𝙢𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 as information is exchanged among individuals in different work units who are either subordinates nor superior to each other. It flows in all directions. 

    (iv) External Communication

               External communication takes place with the people, suppliers, agencies, customers, organizations or public in general outside the organization. Organization's efforts of for advertisement, descriptive brochures, follow-up service calls, media interactions, communication with government agencies to attain services etc. Are different forms of external communication. External Communication help organizations ro establish and maintain cordial relationships with outsourcing agencies government and financial institutions for the good of establishment. 

4- Informal Communication

       Informal channels of communication are very obvious to any organization. Such channels exists without official benefaction and considered  to be of not being authentic though sometimes they supplement formal channels. Informal Communication in the system is also call 𝙂𝙧𝙖𝙥𝙚𝙫𝙞𝙣𝙚, which is as follows :

       

      - Grapevine 

              Informal communication cut through the formal organisational structure. That are usually called "grapevine" Communication. Grapevine communication is an informal channel of communication as commonly peer groups partake in it. They flourish because communication is a natural human tendency. Grapevine communication to a considerable extent brings about a link among peer groups and provides shelter to emotional outburst and responses to the persons connected within an organization. 

         Grapevine channels to exist in the system and they cannot be eradicated. Though, transparent administration  policy, well timed formal announcements, employee-friendly attitude productive gatherings can do a lot good to the benefits of the group and reduce unwanted and sudden responses caused by such informal communication system. 

  

 

          

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