Plant improvement-Animal Husbandry-Animal diseases-How improve plant?
FOOD PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
We learn in this
1- Plant Improvement Programmes
i) Hybridization
ii) Genetic Engineering
2- Animal Husbandry
i) Dairy Farming
ii) Poultry Farming
iii) Sericulture
iv) Apiculture
v) Pisciculture
vi) Animal Breeding
3- Animal Diseases
i) Livestock Disease
ii) Poultry Diseases
iii) Silkworm Diseases
iv) Honeybee Diseases
v) Fish Diseases
4- Useful Microorganisms
i) Algae
ii) Fungi
iii) Bacteria
1- PLANT IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMMES
Plant improvement or crop improvement programmes include, production of desired plant varities that yield, and possesses qualities, such as disease resistance, resistance to climatic conditions, etc.
i) Hybridization -
It is the process of crossing of two dissimilar plants. Hybridization helps to bring qualities of two parent plant together in the daughter plant. For example, Jaya and Ratna are two rice varities that have been developed through hybridization.
ii) Genetic Engineering -
Development of plant varities expressing the desired agronomic characteristic is the ultimate goal of a plant breeder. Since traditional methods of plant breeding were not reliable enough and did it give satisfactory results, a new technology called genetic engineering was introduced in plant breeding. Genetic engineering is that technique which involves introduction of a gene(or DNA) that would impart the desired quality to the crop. It does not always involve inserting DNA from other organisms, plants can also be modified by switching off their own genes, to produce a particular trait.
2- ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
A branch of agriculture dealing with the rearing of animals for their products is called animal husbandry. It includes dairy farming, poultry, pisciculture, etc. Domesticated animals for commercial purpose are called livestock, for example, cow, sheep, etc.
Animals are domesticated mainly for:
• Dairy product- Cow and goat
• Meat- Cattle and chicken
• Land management- Animal grazing to control weed growth
• Wool - Sheep
• Labour - Horse and donkey
i) Dairy farming-
Management of animals for milk products products is called dairy farming. The main domesticated animals for for dairy farming are cows, sheeps, buffaloes and goats. The yield milk mainly depends upon the breed quality. So it is important to select breed good quality and also breeds with disease resistance.
Following are some of the measures that can be taken to increase milk yield:
• Select good quality breed.
• Select breed with disease resistance.
• Take good care of the farm animals by maintaining proper hygiene and by providing them with good feeds.
• Maintain proper hygiene while milking, storage and transport of the milk and it's products.
• Regular visits by veterinary doctor.
ii) Poultry Farming
Domesticating birds for their products is called poultry farming, for example, domesticating chicken for their meat and eggs. Other birds that are domesticated include duck, turkey, geese, etc. Factors that affects yield poultry farming are:
• Selection of disease- free breeds
• Select and safe farm conditions
• Proper feed and water
• Maintenance of proper hygiene and health of farm birds
- Types of chicken
Depending on the utility, poultry chicken are classified into two types as follow.
- Broilers : Chickens that are reared for their meat are called broilers. They are given a protein- rich diet. Thay are reared in groups are raised in well- maintained conditions of surrounding. Once the batch id reared the whole are is sterilized and made ready for a new batch/group.
- Egg-layers: Chickens that are reared for their eggs- layers. They are bred in individual cages. Thay are fed on wheat and other mashed cereals. They are bred on a sloping floor such that when an egg laid, it rolls down and easily comes out of the cage and get collected.
iii) Sericulture
The rearing of silkworm for the production of silk is called sericulture. Sericulture is also called silk farming. Most widely used silkworm is mulberry silkworm 𝘉𝘰𝘮𝘣𝘺𝘹 𝘮𝘰𝘳𝘪.
Life cycle of Bombyx Mori
Bombyxmori has a short life cycle consisting of four stages described as below.
- Egg stage: The female silk moth lays eggs (thousands in number). These eggs are grown under suitable environment for growth. It takes about 14 days to hatch.
- Larval stage: After hatching, larve comes out of the eggs. The larvae are then placed on the mulberry leaves which are specifically cultivated for this purpose. The larvae feed on mulberry leaves.
- Pupal stage: After five weeks of eating mulberry leaves, larva climbs a twig of the tree and starts spinning cocoon. Larvae secrete saliva that contains liquid form of the fibre. Larvae spins large amount of fibre around themselves forming cocoons. Inside cocoons, larvae undergo changes to from pupa.
- Adult stage: Pupa grows inside the cocoon and undergoes changes. It breaks open the cocoon and emerges as an adult moth. The silk moths mate, lay eggs and die within a few days. Production of Silk
Cocoons are harvested within 10 days from pupal emerges. Cocoons are then put in boiling water. Pupa are killed by boiling water and the silk fibres are loosened. These fibres are then spun into silk threads. Each silk fibre processed from one cocoon produces a filament.
iv) Apiculture
Rearing of honey bees for the production of honey and bee wax is called apiculture. Honey is a sweet, edible fluid that has important medicinal values. It contains sugars, minerals, vitamins, etc. Similarly, bee wax is of great industrial importance. It has been used in many cosmetics, ointment, furniture, polishes, etc.
v) Pisciculture
Pisciculture is also known as fish farming which includes rearing of fish usually for food. There are many uses of fish such as:
• Food: It is an excellent source of protein, vitamins, etc.
• For controlling diseases: There are some fish like Gambusia that can feed on mosquito larvae, there by help in controlling disease spread by mosquito, such as malaria.
vi) Animal breeding
The terms 'bread refers to a group of animals that are similar in most characters, such as appearance, features, size, etc. Producing improved breeds of domesticated animals is called animal breeding. The factors that are mainly considered for animal breeding are;
• Increased yield of products, such as milk, meat, egg, wool, etc.
• Increased quality of products.
• Increased resistance of animals to diseases.
Animal breeding involves artificially selecting animals of superior quality and allowing them to mate to produce progeny with improved quality.
Animal breeding can be done in various ways:
• Inbreeding: Involves mating of superior animals that are form the same breed, for example, in case of cattle, superior female that can yield more milk can be mated with superior male from the se breed to get progeny that has qualities of both parents.
• Outbreeding: Outbreeding involves breeding between unrelated animals.
Outbreeding is of three types:
• Outbreeding: Breeding between unrelated animals of the same breed.
• Crossbreeding: Breeding between animals of different breeds.
• Interspecific breeding: Breeding between animals of different species.
- Draught Animals
Draught animals are the ones that are used to carry heavy burden or pull vehicles. For example, horses, bullock, donkeys, camels, etc. These animals carry and transport people/goods one place to another.
• Elephant are used to transport heavy items like logs of wood.
• Donkeys and camels are used for pulling carts.
• Bullocks are also used for pulling carts.
• Bullocks are also for ploughing in agriculture field.
• Horses are also used for riding for recreational purposes
- Green Revolution: Green revolution refers to increased agricultural production worldwide through the development of technologies, beginning most markedly in the late 1960'. Norman Borlaug, who took the initiative, is known as 'Father of Green Revolution'. It involved the introduction of high yielding varities of seeds, increased use of fertilizers, etc.
3- Animals Diseases
As human, animals are also prone to illness and diseases caused by a number of reasons. Some of the major diseases are discussed below.
i) Livestock Diseases
There are various common disease which cattle suffer from. Some of them are given below.
Disease - Anthrax
Symptoms- high fever, swelling of body parts; this is highly infectious
Disease - Cowpox
Symptoms- Appearance of nodules on skin
Disease- Rinderpest
Symptoms- Discharge from eyes and nostrils
Disease- Foot and Mouth Diseases
Symptoms- Blisters mouth and feet
Disease - Black quarter
Symptoms- Fever, loss of appetite, difficult breathing
ii) Poultry disease
The most common diseases that birds suffer from Fowl Pox and Ranikhet diseases. Viruses H5N1 causes avian flu and sometimes the infection passes time humans.
iii) Silkworm Diseases
The most common diseases affecting silkworm is Pebrine disease (also called pepper disease). It is caused by 𝘕𝘰𝘴𝘦𝘮𝘢 𝘣𝘰𝘮𝘺𝘤𝘪𝘴 (a protozoan). Affected larvae have dots in their body and are unable to produce silk fibre. This disease mainly occurs during rainy and winter season.
iv) Honeybee Diseases
Common disease affecting honeybees are.
• American Foulbrood: It is caused by bacterium 𝘔𝘦𝘭𝘪𝘴𝘴𝘰𝘤𝘰𝘤𝘤𝘶𝘴𝘱𝘭𝘶𝘵𝘰𝘯𝘪𝘶𝘴.
• Chalk Brood: It is caused by fungus, 𝘈𝘴𝘤𝘰𝘴𝘱𝘩𝘢𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘢𝘱𝘪𝘴. This bread is moist prevalent in spring during which brood area is expanding.
v) Fish Diseases
Poor quality of water and low oxygen content cause diseases in fish. For example, whirling disease of salmons caused by 𝘔𝘺𝘹𝘰𝘣𝘰𝘭𝘶𝘴 𝘤𝘦𝘳𝘦𝘣𝘳𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘴.
4- USEFUL MICROORGANISMS
There are certain microorganisms which are used for manufacture or processing of different food items. There are many species of algae, bacteria and fungi which are commonly used in food industry. We shall take at how food production and management is done with the help of these organisms.
i) Algae
There are certain genera of algae which are used in cultivation and production of different food products. Algae are a rich source of vitamins and minerals, which makes them suitable as nutritional supplementary. Some species of genus. Chlorella have more vitamins than many cultivated plants. Members of the genus chlorella have genus 𝘚𝘱𝘪𝘳𝘶𝘭𝘪𝘯𝘢 are rich in B-carotene vitamin B12. Hence, these genrera are used as nutritive supplements. Algae are also used as a source of natural colours. Pigments, such as chlorophylls carotenoids and phycobiliprotiens, found in algae are used as natural colourant in food industry.
Agar, obtained from red jelly-like substances used as a medium of growth in laboratories to grow a number of microorganisms.
ii) Fungi
Various species of fungi are used in processing of food products. The most commonly used fungus is Baker's, a unicellular fungus, that is used to make wheat- based products like bread. Yeast are also used in making wine and beer by the process of fermentation. Different varities of cheese are produced using different species of fungi. Members of the genus 𝘈𝘴𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘪𝘭𝘭𝘶𝘴 𝘯𝘪𝘨𝘦𝘳 are used in production of citric acid. Fungi like mushrooms are eaten as food as they are rich in nutritions.
iii) Bacteria
There are many bacteria that are used to process cheese, coffee and tobacco. 𝘈𝘤𝘦𝘵𝘰𝘣𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘦𝘳 𝘢𝘤𝘦𝘵𝘪 is used in production of vinegar. Members of the genus 𝘭𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘰𝘣𝘢𝘤𝘪𝘭𝘭𝘶𝘴 are used in production milk and yogurt.
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| PLANT IMPROVEMENT ANIMAL DISEASES ANIMAL HUSBANDARY |
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