Health and Immunity and Human disease and its types
Human Health and Immunity & Human Disease
1- Immunity & Human Health
-types of immunity
2- Immune System
3- Components of immune system
- white blood cells
- organs
4- Working of immune system
5- Human Disease
6- Types of disease
7- Drug and Alcohol Abuse
8- Ways to maintain proper health
1- Immunity & Human Health
Health may be referred to as the well being of an individual in all aspects, that is, physically, mentally and socially.
Immunity is the ability of a person to resits infections and remain disease free.
Health of an individual depends of many factors. Some of them given below:
Immunity:- Ability of an individual to resist disease. Any defect to the immune system or immunity, makes the prone to diseases
Lifestyle:- Food habits, exercise, personal hygiene, proper sleep, alcohol abuse, smoking, obesity. All come under a person's lifestyle.
Environment:- Cleanliness of surroundings water and air, adequate housing, safe communities, proper waste disposal.
Genetic Defect:- Inherited defect from parents
Types of Immunity
i) Innate immunity
ii) Acquired immunity
i) Innate immunity- Inborn immunity or immunity that is inherited from parents, for example, skin (prevents entry of foreign invaders).
ii) Acquired Immunity- Immunity acquired after the birth is called acquired immunity or adapted immunity, for example, immunity to chicken pox.
2- Immune System
Human immune system is composed of a network of cells, tissues, organs that function together to defend us against infectious (bacteria, virus, etc.). The coordinated response of the immune system towards any foreign particles is known as immune response. The white blood cells and the various lymphatic organs constitute the components of immune system.
3- Components of Immune System
The immune system forms the first line of defense against foreign particles which seek entry inside our body. Skin is the first barrier of the immune system which prevents entry of disease causing microorganisms (pathogens). Upon gaining entry inside a living body, the pathogens are encountered with various blood cells which specialise in neutralizing and killing pathogens.
These are discussed below in detail:
-White Blood Cells
Lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and basophils all come under white blood cells and provide immunity to the body against infectious disease and foreign invaders.
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| Types of White blood cells |
-Organs
Thymus and bone marrow are the primary lymphoid organs where development of lymphocytes take place whereas spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels and lymph nodes are the secondary lymphoid organs where immune responses are initiated.
4- Working of Immune System
Our immune system must be able to differentiate self from non-self. It does so by detecting certain molecules like proteins at an early stage. An immunogen is a substance that can initiate an immune response. In many cases, an immunogen is a bacterium, fungus, virus or toxin.
5- Human Disease
Disease can be referred to as the state of disturbed ease, or being uncomfortable. Disease affects the proper functioning or structure of body organs or systems. The changes in the body due to disease give rise to certain signs and symptoms.
6- Types of Disease
According to the duration of disease, thay can be divided into two types, that is, 𝘢𝘤𝘶𝘵𝘦 & 𝘤𝘩𝘳𝘰𝘯𝘪𝘤. An acute disease is the one in which the symptoms appear suddenly, worsen rapidly and then disappear as it heals, example, flu of common cold. Whereas a chronic disease is the one which develops gradually and worsens over a long period of time, example, chronic back pain
Two types of Disease
i)- Acute Disease
• Lasts for a short period often only a few days
• Sudden onset of symptoms and worsen rapidly
• Will not have time to cause major effects on human health if treated to in time
• Can be cured
For example, Common cold
ii) Chronic Disease
• Lasts for a long period of time, sometimes can be life-long
• Develops gradually and worsens over time
• Affects our normal health, for example, weight loss, tiredness, etc.
• Require extended care or sometimes even hospitalization
For example, diabetes
According to whether or not caused by microorganisms, disease are of two types:
i) Infectious Disease
ii) Non- Infectious Disease
i) Infectious Disease
Following are the characteristics of infectious diseases:
• Infectious disease are caused by pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa, like chicken pox, Tuberculosis, etc.
• Multicellular organisms like worms can also cause infectious disease like filariasis.
• Diseases that can spread from one person to another are called communicable diseases.
• Diseases that spread through air, water, food, physical contact with patient, sexual contact, aerosols (sneeze or cough droplets, etc.) Also come under infectious diseases.
ii) Non-Infectious Disease
Diseases that are not caused by microorganisms or infectious agents are called non-infectious diseases. Some of the example, are:
Genetic Disease: Caused due to abnormalities in DNA, for example, cancer, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, etc.
Lifestyle Diseases: Some diseases can be spread by lifestyles habits, like overheating, under eating, lack of exercise, etc., for example, obesity, nutrient deficiency diseases, high blood pressure, etc.
7- Drug and Alcohol Abuse
Abuse of drug and alcohol can have serious consequences on human health. Nowadays, drug abuse is very common among teenagers who later on get addicted to it.
Smoking:- Tobacco is mainly used for smoking and inhaling, tobacco smoke can cause diseases of heart; lungs, etc.
Alcohol abuse:- Excessive alcohol consumption is called alcohol abuse it can have many I'll effects on human health such as nutrient deficiency, liver diseases, fertility problems, etc.
8- Ways to Maintain Proper Health
'Health is Wealth', hence maintaining proper health is very essential. Some of the measures that can be taken to maintain proper health are:
~ Healthy food habits:
• Avoid junk foods
• Have food that is properly cooked
• Eat nutrients rich food or balanced diet
• Include more vegetables, fruits into the diet
~ Proper Exercise
Exercising regularly in any form lowers the risk of various diseases. It also helps to maintain metabolism.
~ Avoid drug and Public hygiene
Intake of drugs and excessive consumption of alcohol may lead to adverse health effects, such as liver diseases, neural diseases, etc.
~ Maintain Personal & Public Hygiene
• Always keep personal hygiene
• Drink boiled water
• Do not leave food uncovered
• Keep surrounding clean
• Proper waste disposal
~ Control of disease spreading
• Avoid breeding of flies.
• Diseases spread by mosquito can be controlled by avoiding water stagnation, using mosquito nets, repellents, etc.
• Diseases spread by droplets from sneezing or cough can be prevented by using towels to mask nose while sneezing.
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