Five Kingdom classification its category | their definition

 Five Kingdom classification

       Five Kingdom classification was proposed by an American ecologist, R. H. Whittaker(1969). The main criteria for this classification were as follow:

   • Cell type

   • Cell wall

   • Nuclear membrane

   • Body organization

   • Mode of nutrition

 The five kingdom classification are as follows:

   1- Monera

   2- Fungi

   3- Protista

   4- Plantae

   5- Animalia

 1- Monera - It includes prokaryotic organisms (bacteria), that is , both archeabacteria and eubacteria. Archeabacteria are found in most harsh habitat, such as extremely salty area. Aubacteria are the true bacteria, which are found everywhere including the human body. 

 It has following features:

     • Prokaryotic

     • Mostly unicellular 

     • Cell wall present

     • Nuclear Membrane absent

     • Mode of nutrition can be autotrophic (produce their own food) or Heterotrophic (depends their own for food). 

 2- Protista :- All single-celled eukaryotes are included in this kingdom. Members of this kingdom are mostly aquatic. It has the following features. 

    • Eukaryotic and unicellular

    • Presence of cell wall in some members. 

    • Presence of nuclear membrane

    • Cellular level of body organization

    • Both autotrophic and Heterotrophic organisms come under this kingdom. For example 𝘢𝘮𝘰𝘦𝘣𝘢 & 𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘮o𝘦𝘤𝘪𝘶𝘮. 

 3- Fungi :- Most of the fungi are multicellular organisms are also found such as yeast. It  has the following features:

      • Eukaryotic in nature

      • Presence of cell wall which is made up of chitin

      • Nuclear membrane present 

      • Heterotrophic in nature, either saprophytic (feed on dead and decaying matter) or. Parasitic (derives food from host organisms), for example, yeast mushroom. 

 - Plantae

        All eukaryotic, chlorophyll containing organisms are included in this kingdom, that is, all plants. They are multicellular and contain cells with cell wall. 

   Kingdom plantae includes the following

  1- Algae

  2- Bryophyte 

  3- Pteridophytes

  4- Gymnosperm

  5- Angiosperm

 1:- Algae :- They are simple, chlorophyll-bearing organisms that range from unicellular to multicellular. Plant body is in the form of thallus, i.e., no clear distinction of true roots, stems and leaves. Most of the algae are autographs ( synthesize their own food by the process of photosynthesis). They are mostly aquatic , for example, spirogyra. Some of them are also found in rocks or within plants and animals, for example lichens. 

  2:- Bryophytes :- It is the collective terms used for hornworts, liverwort and mosses. They are the simplest and most primitive land plants. As they ae terrestrial but  need of water for completing their life cycle, they are called Amphibians of plant kingdom. In these, plant possses stem-like structures but lack xylem and phloem (vascular), for example moss. They prefer to grow in shady and damp places. 

 3:- Pteridophytes :- They were the first plant group to have true vascular system for the conduction of water, minerals and food. The word pteridophytes comes from the word 'pteron' meaning feather and 'Peyton meaning plant. Thus, pteridophytes are those plants which possess feather-like leaves for example, ferns. 

 4:- Gymnosperm :- They are vascular plant which produce naked seeds (not encased), that is, seeds are not enclosed in fruits. Gymnosperm produce male female cones, which produce pollen grains and eggs, respectively. Make cones are genrally smaller than female cones. For example, pines. 

 5:- Angiosperm :- These are flowering plants which reproduce through seeds which develop inside fruits. The reproductive structure, i.e., the flower houses both the males and female reproductive organs. The flower which has both male and female organs are called perfect flowers, for example, apples, cherries, orchid, etc. The flower which has only either male or female organ is called imperfect flower, for example, cucumber and corn. 

 

  - Animalia 

        All eukaryotic, multicellular and heterotrophic animals come under this category. Thay lack cell wall. Most of them show mobility. Kingdom 'animalism is dividend onto different phyla as described below:

       1- Porifera                  

       2- Coelenterata 

       3- Ctenophoro 

       4- Platyhelmynthes

       5- Aschelminthesis 

       6- Annelida

       7- Arthropoda

       8- Mollusca

       9- Echinodermata

     10- Hemichordata

     11- chordata

   1:-  Porifera:- They are pore-bearning organisms (i.e., they have hole on thair body). They are commonly known as sponges. The food oxygen, etc., reach the body by water current through the holes.

  2:- Coelenterata (cnidaria) :- They are aquatic animals that can be either non-motile or free swimming. They got the name due to the presence  of specialised cells called cnidoblasts or cnidocytes on their body, for example, Hydra and Jellyfish. 

  3:- Ctenophora :- They are commonly known as  comb jellies and are extremely marine they have ability to emit light (bioluminescece), for example, Ctenoplana and Pleurobrachia. 

  4:- Platyhelminthes :- They are commonly known as flatworms as they have flattened body. They are mostly found as endoparasites in animals body, for example:- tape worm

  5:- Aschelminthes :- They are also called roundworms as their cross sections are round in shape. They cen be aquatic or terrestrial, free living or parastic, for example, Ascaris. 

 6:- Annelida :- They are may be aquatic or terrestrial. Their body is divided into many segments, and this type of segmentation is called metamerism, for example, earthworm. 

  7:- Arthropoda :- They are the largest group of animals. They show segmentation in their body. The significant feature of phylum 'Arthropoda' presence of 'jointed legs', for example, prawns and butterflies. 

 8:- Mollusca :- They are the second largest phylum kingdom. They can be terrestrial, marine or freshwater, for example, octopus and snails. 

  9:- Echinodermata :- They are spiny-skinned organisms and are exclusively marine animals, for example, starfish. 

  10:- Hemichrdata :- This group includes worm-like marine animals, for example, Balanglossus

 11:- Chordata :-The organisms under this phylum are characterized by the presence of notochord (flexible rod-like structure), which later develops into a vertebral column. Notochord appears in the embryonic stage and in adults is converted to backbone. 

     Phylum chordata includes the following classes

    a- Pisces (fish) 

    b- Frog (Amphibians) 

    c- Crocodile (reptilia) 

    d- Flock of bird (Aves) 

    e-  Humans (Mammalia) 

  

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